Think of a bank vault ledger from the days before computers: each line written in ink, numbered, dated, signed, and never erased; a mistake is struck through with a single line and initialled. That is ALCOA+ (Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, Accurate, plus complete, consistent, enduring, available), and 21 CFR Part 11 is the rule that says an electronic record must behave like that ledger. This week…
If you only do one thing this week: the tamper-detecting audit log